Unfounded Assumptions Reassessing the Differences among Averroes’ Three Kinds of Aristotelian Commentaries, 2023
By: Steven Harvey
Title Unfounded Assumptions Reassessing the Differences among Averroes’ Three Kinds of Aristotelian Commentaries
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2023
Published in Contextualizing Premodern Philosophy: Explorations of the Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and Latin Traditions
Pages 471-494
Categories Commentary, Aristotle, Method
Author(s) Steven Harvey
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5614","_score":null,"_ignored":["booksection.book.abstract.keyword"],"_source":{"id":5614,"authors_free":[{"id":6517,"entry_id":5614,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":642,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Steven Harvey ","free_first_name":"Steven ","free_last_name":"Harvey ","norm_person":{"id":642,"first_name":"Steven","last_name":"Harvey","full_name":"Steven Harvey","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/1051482674","viaf_url":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/97890242","db_url":"NULL","from_claudius":1,"link":"bib?authors[]=Steven Harvey"}}],"entry_title":"Unfounded Assumptions Reassessing the Differences among Averroes\u2019 Three Kinds of Aristotelian Commentaries","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"Unfounded Assumptions Reassessing the Differences among Averroes\u2019 Three Kinds of Aristotelian Commentaries"},"abstract":"","btype":2,"date":"2023","language":"English","online_url":"","doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781003309895-25","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":23,"category_name":"Commentary","link":"bib?categories[]=Commentary"},{"id":21,"category_name":"Aristotle","link":"bib?categories[]=Aristotle"},{"id":72,"category_name":"Method","link":"bib?categories[]=Method"}],"authors":[{"id":642,"full_name":"Steven Harvey","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":{"id":5614,"section_of":5606,"pages":"471-494","is_catalog":null,"book":{"id":5606,"bilderberg_idno":null,"dare_idno":null,"catalog_idno":null,"entry_type":"bibliography","type":4,"language":"no language selected","title":"Contextualizing Premodern Philosophy: Explorations of the Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and Latin Traditions","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","short_title":"","has_no_author":null,"volume":null,"date":"2023","edition_no":null,"free_date":null,"abstract":"This volume brings together contributions from distinguished scholars in the history of philosophy, focusing on points of interaction between discrete historical contexts, religions, and cultures found within the premodern period. The contributions connect thinkers from antiquity through the Middle Ages and include philosophers from the three major monotheistic faiths\u2014Judaism, Islam, and Christianity.\r\n\r\nBy emphasizing premodern philosophy\u2019s shared textual roots in antiquity, particularly the writings of Plato and Aristotle, the volume highlights points of cross-pollination between different schools, cultures, and moments in premodern thought. Approaching the complex history of the premodern world in an accessible way, the editors organize the volume so as to underscore the difficulties the premodern period poses for scholars, while accentuating the fascinating interplay between the Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and Latin philosophical traditions. The contributors cover many topics ranging from the aims of Aristotle\u2019s cosmos, the adoption of Aristotle\u2019s Organon by al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b, and the origins of the Plotiniana Arabica to the role of Ibn Gabirol\u2019s Fons vitae in the Latin West, the ways in which Islamic philosophy shaped thirteenth-century Latin conceptions of light, Roger Bacon\u2019s adaptation of Avicenna for use in his moral philosophy, and beyond. The volume\u2019s focus on \"source-based contextualism\" demonstrates an appreciation for the rich diversity of thought found in the premodern period, while revealing methodological challenges raised by the historical study of premodern philosophy.","republication_of":0,"online_url":"","online_resources":null,"translation_of":"0","new_edition_of":"0","is_catalog":0,"in_bibliography":0,"is_inactive":0,"notes":null,"ti_url":"","doi_url":"","book":{"id":5606,"pubplace":"New York","publisher":"Routledge ","series":"","volume":"","edition_no":"","valid_from":null,"valid_until":null},"persons":[{"id":6507,"entry_id":5606,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1684,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Katja Krause","free_first_name":"Katja ","free_last_name":"Krause","norm_person":{"id":1684,"first_name":"Katja","last_name":"Krause","full_name":"Katja Krause","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":null,"dnb_url":"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/1077759428","viaf_url":"","db_url":"","from_claudius":null}},{"id":6508,"entry_id":5606,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1727,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Luis Xavier L\u00f3pez-Farjeat","free_first_name":"Luis Xavier","free_last_name":" L\u00f3pez-Farjeat","norm_person":{"id":1727,"first_name":"Luis Xavier","last_name":"L\u00f3pez-Farjeat","full_name":"Luis Xavier L\u00f3pez-Farjeat","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":null,"dnb_url":"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/103191773X","viaf_url":"","db_url":"","from_claudius":null}}]}},"article":null},"sort":[2023]}

Did Maimonides Recommend Reading Averroes’ Commentaries on Aristotle?, 2021
By: Steven Harvey
Title Did Maimonides Recommend Reading Averroes’ Commentaries on Aristotle?
Type Article
Language English
Date 2021
Journal Jewish Studies Quarterly
Volume 28
Issue 2
Pages 159–190
Categories Maimonides, Commentary
Author(s) Steven Harvey
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
An article published in 2016 by Doron Forte claimed that the universally cited version of the concluding bibliographical section of Maimonides' letter to the translator of the Guide of the Perplexed, Samuel Ibn Tibbon, is both late and corrupt (Jewish Studies Quarterly 23). This claim entails that Maimonides did not recommend Averroes' commentaries on Aristotle in the letter. The current paper argues against this claim. It comprises seven considerations: two philological (based on testimonia Forte chose to ignore), two terminological and three just common sense. I present these considerations as complementary, one supporting the other, that together make clear that the most-often cited version of the letter is very old, the most reliable and likely the most authentic version. In fact, current evidence now points to Ibn Tibbon as the translator of this version, which shows that Maimonides indeed recommended Averroes' commentaries in this letter.

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Averroes ex Averroe: Uncovering Ṭodros Ṭodrosi’s Method of Commenting on the Commentator, 2021
By: Steven Harvey, Oded Horezky
Title Averroes ex Averroe: Uncovering Ṭodros Ṭodrosi’s Method of Commenting on the Commentator
Type Article
Language English
Date 2021
Journal Aleph: Historical Studies in Science and Judaism
Volume 21
Issue 1
Pages 7-78
Categories Commentary, Tradition and Reception
Author(s) Steven Harvey , Oded Horezky
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
Our paper studies one of the most interesting manuscripts of medieval Jewish philosophy, a unicum that is housed in the British Library, Heb MS Add 27559. This fascinating manuscript, in part a version of a work compiled by Ṭodros Ṭodrosi, in Trinquetaille in the 1330s, is a Hebrew anthology of logical and scientific texts, written by Greek and Arabic philosophers, some of which are translated into Hebrew for the first time by Ṭodros. The paper sheds new light on this manuscript through an examination of the section on natural science that Ṭodros devoted to the study and explanation of Aristotle’s Physics and which comprises more than a third of the entire manuscript. We uncover Ṭodros’s aims and methodology in this section on physics (and, to some extent, in other sections as well), and sketch a clear picture of the ways in which Ṭodros intended to assist his contemporary readers in the study of natural science. The paper contributes to our knowledge of the fundamental status of Averroes’s middle commentaries on the Corpus Aristotelicum among medieval Jewish scholars, as well as to our growing awareness and appreciation of the achievements of a remarkable, young, fourteenth-century Provençal scholar, Ṭodros Ṭodrosi. It concludes with three appendices, two of which compare Ṭodros’s text with parallel passages in the Hebrew translations of Averroes’s commentaries, and a third which provides a detailed description of the British Library manuscript.

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The Supercommentaries of Gersonides and His Students on Averroes’s Epitomes of the Physics and Meteorology, 2020
By: Steven Harvey, Resianne Fontaine
Title The Supercommentaries of Gersonides and His Students on Averroes’s Epitomes of the Physics and Meteorology
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2020
Published in Gersonides’ Afterlife: Studies on the Reception of Levi ben Gerson’s Philosophical, Halakhic and Scientific Oeuvre in the 14th through 20th Centuries
Pages 47–78
Categories Commentary, Physics, Meteorology, Aristotle
Author(s) Steven Harvey , Resianne Fontaine
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Averroes' Middle Commentary on Book I of the Nicomachean Ethics, 2014
By: Steven Harvey, Frédérique Woerther
Title Averroes' Middle Commentary on Book I of the Nicomachean Ethics
Type Article
Language English
Date 2014
Journal Oriens
Volume 42
Issue 1-2
Pages 254-287
Categories Aristotle, Nicomachean ethics, Commentary
Author(s) Steven Harvey , Frédérique Woerther
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
The conventional view of the previous century that Averroes’ middle commentaries (talāḫīṣ) on Aristotle are all of the same form and style is no longer tenable. A full and accurate account of the similarities and differences among Averroes’ talāḫīṣ on Aristotle must consider all of them. Perhaps the least studied and least known of these middle commentaries is the one on the Nicomachean Ethics, a text which is extant today only in a critically edited medieval Hebrew translation and an as yet unedited medieval Latin translation. The two authors of the present article have each studied chapters of this commentary independently of each other and have reached different conclusions concerning its value. In this article they present a careful examination of the first book of Averroes’ commentary via its Hebrew translation and Latin translation (primarily through the two oldest and most reliable manuscripts of it) in comparison with the medieval Arabic translation of the Nicomachean Ethics that was used by Averroes (and in light of Aristotle’s Greek text). This study shows an Averroean middle commentary that is not very original and not particularly helpful, especially, for example, when compared to the quite different middle commentaries on Aristotle’s books on natural science. Indeed, he often seems to do little more than copy—not even paraphrase—the Arabic translation. On the other hand, Averroes does not hesitate to insert words as he copies in order to make the text clearer and easier to understand. Where lengthier explanations are needed, they too are attempted, at times in response to problematic translations in the Arabic text before him.

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Similarities and differences among Averroes' three commentaries on Aristotle's Physics, 2011
By: Steven Harvey
Title Similarities and differences among Averroes' three commentaries on Aristotle's Physics
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2011
Published in La lumière de l'intellect. La pensée scientifique et philosophique d'Averroès dans son temps. Actes du IVe colloque international de la SIHSPAI (Société internationale d'histoire des sciences et de la philosophie arabes et islamiques). Cordoue, 9–12 décembre 1998
Pages 81–97
Categories Commentary, Physics
Author(s) Steven Harvey
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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When Did Jews Begin to Consider Averroes the Commentator?, 2009
By: Steven Harvey
Title When Did Jews Begin to Consider Averroes the Commentator?
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2009
Published in Florilegium mediaevale. Études offertes à Jacqueline Hamesse à l'occasion de son éméritat
Pages 279–296
Categories Commentary, Jewish Averroism
Author(s) Steven Harvey
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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The Impact of Philoponus' Commentary on the Physics on Averroes' Three Commentaries on the Physics, 2004
By: Steven Harvey
Title The Impact of Philoponus' Commentary on the Physics on Averroes' Three Commentaries on the Physics
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2004
Published in Philosophy, Science and Exegesis in Greek, Arabic and Latin Commentaries. In honour of Richard Sorabji
Pages 89–105
Categories Physics, Philoponus, Commentary
Author(s) Steven Harvey
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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A 14th Century Kabbalist's Excerpt from the Lost Arabic Original of Averroes' Middle Commentary on the Physics, 1985
By: Steven Harvey
Title A 14th Century Kabbalist's Excerpt from the Lost Arabic Original of Averroes' Middle Commentary on the Physics
Type Article
Language English
Date 1985
Journal Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam
Volume 6
Pages 219–227
Categories Physics, Commentary, Aristotle
Author(s) Steven Harvey
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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The Hebrew Translation of Averroes' Prooemium to his Long Commentary on Aristotle's Physics, 1985
By: Steven Harvey
Title The Hebrew Translation of Averroes' Prooemium to his Long Commentary on Aristotle's Physics
Type Article
Language English
Date 1985
Journal Proceedings of the American Academy of Jewish Research
Volume 52
Pages 55–84
Categories Physics, Commentary, Aristotle
Author(s) Steven Harvey
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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A 14th Century Kabbalist's Excerpt from the Lost Arabic Original of Averroes' Middle Commentary on the Physics, 1985
By: Steven Harvey
Title A 14th Century Kabbalist's Excerpt from the Lost Arabic Original of Averroes' Middle Commentary on the Physics
Type Article
Language English
Date 1985
Journal Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam
Volume 6
Pages 219–227
Categories Physics, Commentary, Aristotle
Author(s) Steven Harvey
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Averroes ex Averroe: Uncovering Ṭodros Ṭodrosi’s Method of Commenting on the Commentator, 2021
By: Steven Harvey, Oded Horezky
Title Averroes ex Averroe: Uncovering Ṭodros Ṭodrosi’s Method of Commenting on the Commentator
Type Article
Language English
Date 2021
Journal Aleph: Historical Studies in Science and Judaism
Volume 21
Issue 1
Pages 7-78
Categories Commentary, Tradition and Reception
Author(s) Steven Harvey , Oded Horezky
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
Our paper studies one of the most interesting manuscripts of medieval Jewish philosophy, a unicum that is housed in the British Library, Heb MS Add 27559. This fascinating manuscript, in part a version of a work compiled by Ṭodros Ṭodrosi, in Trinquetaille in the 1330s, is a Hebrew anthology of logical and scientific texts, written by Greek and Arabic philosophers, some of which are translated into Hebrew for the first time by Ṭodros. The paper sheds new light on this manuscript through an examination of the section on natural science that Ṭodros devoted to the study and explanation of Aristotle’s Physics and which comprises more than a third of the entire manuscript. We uncover Ṭodros’s aims and methodology in this section on physics (and, to some extent, in other sections as well), and sketch a clear picture of the ways in which Ṭodros intended to assist his contemporary readers in the study of natural science. The paper contributes to our knowledge of the fundamental status of Averroes’s middle commentaries on the Corpus Aristotelicum among medieval Jewish scholars, as well as to our growing awareness and appreciation of the achievements of a remarkable, young, fourteenth-century Provençal scholar, Ṭodros Ṭodrosi. It concludes with three appendices, two of which compare Ṭodros’s text with parallel passages in the Hebrew translations of Averroes’s commentaries, and a third which provides a detailed description of the British Library manuscript.

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Averroes' Middle Commentary on Book I of the Nicomachean Ethics, 2014
By: Steven Harvey, Frédérique Woerther
Title Averroes' Middle Commentary on Book I of the Nicomachean Ethics
Type Article
Language English
Date 2014
Journal Oriens
Volume 42
Issue 1-2
Pages 254-287
Categories Aristotle, Nicomachean ethics, Commentary
Author(s) Steven Harvey , Frédérique Woerther
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
The conventional view of the previous century that Averroes’ middle commentaries (talāḫīṣ) on Aristotle are all of the same form and style is no longer tenable. A full and accurate account of the similarities and differences among Averroes’ talāḫīṣ on Aristotle must consider all of them. Perhaps the least studied and least known of these middle commentaries is the one on the Nicomachean Ethics, a text which is extant today only in a critically edited medieval Hebrew translation and an as yet unedited medieval Latin translation. The two authors of the present article have each studied chapters of this commentary independently of each other and have reached different conclusions concerning its value. In this article they present a careful examination of the first book of Averroes’ commentary via its Hebrew translation and Latin translation (primarily through the two oldest and most reliable manuscripts of it) in comparison with the medieval Arabic translation of the Nicomachean Ethics that was used by Averroes (and in light of Aristotle’s Greek text). This study shows an Averroean middle commentary that is not very original and not particularly helpful, especially, for example, when compared to the quite different middle commentaries on Aristotle’s books on natural science. Indeed, he often seems to do little more than copy—not even paraphrase—the Arabic translation. On the other hand, Averroes does not hesitate to insert words as he copies in order to make the text clearer and easier to understand. Where lengthier explanations are needed, they too are attempted, at times in response to problematic translations in the Arabic text before him.

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Did Maimonides Recommend Reading Averroes’ Commentaries on Aristotle?, 2021
By: Steven Harvey
Title Did Maimonides Recommend Reading Averroes’ Commentaries on Aristotle?
Type Article
Language English
Date 2021
Journal Jewish Studies Quarterly
Volume 28
Issue 2
Pages 159–190
Categories Maimonides, Commentary
Author(s) Steven Harvey
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
An article published in 2016 by Doron Forte claimed that the universally cited version of the concluding bibliographical section of Maimonides' letter to the translator of the Guide of the Perplexed, Samuel Ibn Tibbon, is both late and corrupt (Jewish Studies Quarterly 23). This claim entails that Maimonides did not recommend Averroes' commentaries on Aristotle in the letter. The current paper argues against this claim. It comprises seven considerations: two philological (based on testimonia Forte chose to ignore), two terminological and three just common sense. I present these considerations as complementary, one supporting the other, that together make clear that the most-often cited version of the letter is very old, the most reliable and likely the most authentic version. In fact, current evidence now points to Ibn Tibbon as the translator of this version, which shows that Maimonides indeed recommended Averroes' commentaries in this letter.

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Similarities and differences among Averroes' three commentaries on Aristotle's Physics, 2011
By: Steven Harvey
Title Similarities and differences among Averroes' three commentaries on Aristotle's Physics
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2011
Published in La lumière de l'intellect. La pensée scientifique et philosophique d'Averroès dans son temps. Actes du IVe colloque international de la SIHSPAI (Société internationale d'histoire des sciences et de la philosophie arabes et islamiques). Cordoue, 9–12 décembre 1998
Pages 81–97
Categories Commentary, Physics
Author(s) Steven Harvey
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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The Hebrew Translation of Averroes' Prooemium to his Long Commentary on Aristotle's Physics, 1985
By: Steven Harvey
Title The Hebrew Translation of Averroes' Prooemium to his Long Commentary on Aristotle's Physics
Type Article
Language English
Date 1985
Journal Proceedings of the American Academy of Jewish Research
Volume 52
Pages 55–84
Categories Physics, Commentary, Aristotle
Author(s) Steven Harvey
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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The Impact of Philoponus' Commentary on the Physics on Averroes' Three Commentaries on the Physics, 2004
By: Steven Harvey
Title The Impact of Philoponus' Commentary on the Physics on Averroes' Three Commentaries on the Physics
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2004
Published in Philosophy, Science and Exegesis in Greek, Arabic and Latin Commentaries. In honour of Richard Sorabji
Pages 89–105
Categories Physics, Philoponus, Commentary
Author(s) Steven Harvey
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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The Supercommentaries of Gersonides and His Students on Averroes’s Epitomes of the Physics and Meteorology, 2020
By: Steven Harvey, Resianne Fontaine
Title The Supercommentaries of Gersonides and His Students on Averroes’s Epitomes of the Physics and Meteorology
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2020
Published in Gersonides’ Afterlife: Studies on the Reception of Levi ben Gerson’s Philosophical, Halakhic and Scientific Oeuvre in the 14th through 20th Centuries
Pages 47–78
Categories Commentary, Physics, Meteorology, Aristotle
Author(s) Steven Harvey , Resianne Fontaine
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Unfounded Assumptions Reassessing the Differences among Averroes’ Three Kinds of Aristotelian Commentaries, 2023
By: Steven Harvey
Title Unfounded Assumptions Reassessing the Differences among Averroes’ Three Kinds of Aristotelian Commentaries
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2023
Published in Contextualizing Premodern Philosophy: Explorations of the Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and Latin Traditions
Pages 471-494
Categories Commentary, Aristotle, Method
Author(s) Steven Harvey
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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The contributions connect thinkers from antiquity through the Middle Ages and include philosophers from the three major monotheistic faiths\u2014Judaism, Islam, and Christianity.\r\n\r\nBy emphasizing premodern philosophy\u2019s shared textual roots in antiquity, particularly the writings of Plato and Aristotle, the volume highlights points of cross-pollination between different schools, cultures, and moments in premodern thought. Approaching the complex history of the premodern world in an accessible way, the editors organize the volume so as to underscore the difficulties the premodern period poses for scholars, while accentuating the fascinating interplay between the Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and Latin philosophical traditions. The contributors cover many topics ranging from the aims of Aristotle\u2019s cosmos, the adoption of Aristotle\u2019s Organon by al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b, and the origins of the Plotiniana Arabica to the role of Ibn Gabirol\u2019s Fons vitae in the Latin West, the ways in which Islamic philosophy shaped thirteenth-century Latin conceptions of light, Roger Bacon\u2019s adaptation of Avicenna for use in his moral philosophy, and beyond. The volume\u2019s focus on \"source-based contextualism\" demonstrates an appreciation for the rich diversity of thought found in the premodern period, while revealing methodological challenges raised by the historical study of premodern philosophy.","republication_of":0,"online_url":"","online_resources":null,"translation_of":"0","new_edition_of":"0","is_catalog":0,"in_bibliography":0,"is_inactive":0,"notes":null,"ti_url":"","doi_url":"","book":{"id":5606,"pubplace":"New York","publisher":"Routledge ","series":"","volume":"","edition_no":"","valid_from":null,"valid_until":null},"persons":[{"id":6507,"entry_id":5606,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1684,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Katja Krause","free_first_name":"Katja ","free_last_name":"Krause","norm_person":{"id":1684,"first_name":"Katja","last_name":"Krause","full_name":"Katja Krause","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":null,"dnb_url":"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/1077759428","viaf_url":"","db_url":"","from_claudius":null}},{"id":6508,"entry_id":5606,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1727,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Luis Xavier L\u00f3pez-Farjeat","free_first_name":"Luis Xavier","free_last_name":" L\u00f3pez-Farjeat","norm_person":{"id":1727,"first_name":"Luis Xavier","last_name":"L\u00f3pez-Farjeat","full_name":"Luis Xavier L\u00f3pez-Farjeat","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":null,"dnb_url":"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/103191773X","viaf_url":"","db_url":"","from_claudius":null}}]}},"article":null},"sort":["Unfounded Assumptions Reassessing the Differences among Averroes\u2019 Three Kinds of Aristotelian Commentaries"]}

When Did Jews Begin to Consider Averroes the Commentator?, 2009
By: Steven Harvey
Title When Did Jews Begin to Consider Averroes the Commentator?
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2009
Published in Florilegium mediaevale. Études offertes à Jacqueline Hamesse à l'occasion de son éméritat
Pages 279–296
Categories Commentary, Jewish Averroism
Author(s) Steven Harvey
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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